Explanatory Synthesis

Sania Arsala Professor Anthony Pino English 101A 4 April 2013 The Source of Magic: Explanatory Synthesis Although there are numerous fantasies, â€Å"Cinderella† is a genuinely notable otherworldly story delighted in and told by apparently a great many societies around the globe. In the run of the mill â€Å"Cinderella† fantasy, the Fairy Godmother mystically shows up and changes Cinderella from her down and out state into an excellent princess who lives cheerfully ever after with her Prince Charming. There are numerous forms of â€Å"Cinderella† from the various societies that have implanted enchantment into the pixie tale.The wellspring of that enchantment and tests varies in the manners it joins the Cinderella characters with her Prince Charming characters. Among the plenty of various cultures’ adaptations of â€Å"Cinderella,† Walt Disney utilizes the most widely recognized sort of fantasy enchantment. When the stepsisters go to the ball, Cinder ella is crying since she needs to go as well. Her Fairy Godmother out of nowhere shows up and assists Cinderella with getting ready for the ball. She mysteriously transforms a pumpkin into a mentor, mice into ponies, and the pooch into a footman.One last significant enchantment spell is left to cast, and as the Fairy Godmother waves her enchantment wand and sings, â€Å"Salaga doola, Menchicka boola, Bibbidi bobbidi boo! † Cinderella’s worn out garments transform into a wonderful outfit. Notwithstanding, Cinderella is cautioned by the Fairy Godmother that she needs to leave the ball before the clock strikes 12 PM in light of the fact that the spell will crush and everything will transform spirit into its unique structure. Cinderella must notice in what Fairy Godmother advised her or results may follow.With the assistance of the Fairy Godmother, Cinderella can go to the ball, and she goes gaga for the ruler. Perfect suitor is additionally frantically enamored with her a nd goes from house to house searching for her. Due to the supernatural change of Cinderella’s appearance, the prince’s just plan to discover his princess is by making each young lady take a stab at the glass shoe Cinderella deserted at the ball. The utilization of enchantment permits the story to end joyfully. Notwithstanding, the Fairy Godmother doesn't show up in a portion of the other cultures’ â€Å"Cinderella† stories; she isn't the wellspring of magic.In the Native American adaptation of Cinderella, â€Å"Oochigeaskw, The Rough-Faced Girl,† no enchantment used to discover her ruler until after she meets the Invisible One. Not at all like in Disney’s variant, her own two malevolent sisters genuinely torment Oochigeaskw: â€Å"The underhanded sister would consume her hands and feet with hot soot, and she was secured with scars from this treatment† (246). With no assistance from anybody, Oochigeaskw chooses to structure a dress for herself out of sheets of birch bark.Even however Oochigeaskw doesn't look as delightful as the Disney Cinderella, her inward magnificence and desire make her fruitful in her strategic the need of a pixie adoptive parent to join her with the Invisible One. At the point when the Invisible One’s sister inquires as to whether she can see him, she reacts, â€Å"I do indeedâ€and he is magnificent! † (247). All things considered, the Invisible One’s sister takes her home and washes her. Mystically, her scars vanish from her honest body, her hair looks rich and smooth, and her eyes sparkle like stars.Oochigeaskw looks amazingly lovely and turns into the Invisible One’s cherished spouse. Oochigeaskw’s persistence and perseverance help her accomplish what she needs, the Invisible One. The wellspring of enchantment in this fantasy is the Invisible One’s sister. In spite of the fact that the sister uncovers Oochigeaskw’s genuine excellence by washing her, this happens simply after Oochigeaskw breezes through the crucial assessment. In reality, each â€Å"Cinderella† story has one of a kind enchantment and difficulties in it, yet the wellspring of enchantment and test is diverse in each version.Whether it is a Fairy Godmother or the Invisible One’s sister, the fantasy is neither finished nor fruitful without their essence. Their enchantment and test emerge inquiries from perusers whether â€Å"Cinderella† and ideal man will ever rejoin, yet they despite everything have trust in a â€Å"happily-ever-after† finishing. One of the noteworthy distinction between the two fantasies is that Disney Cinderella conceals her genuine self and excellence to win the prince’s love rather Oochigeaskw needn't bother with material things to make her look excellent so as to overcome the Invisible One’s heart.Oochigeaskw didn't request the assistance of enchantment to give her satisfaction which was the Invisible one, rather she was honored with it. Then again, Cinderella and Prince Charming can join together and become one perpetually with the helper of enchantment. Further, despite the fact that the Native American â€Å"Cinderella† has an alternate story contrasted with the Disney form, the topic of enchantment and test given to â€Å"Cinderella† assists perusers with understanding it is a Cinderella story, as does the way that the two characters toward the end wed their cherished and live cheerfully ever after.Readers can likewise infer that each â€Å"Cinderella† doesn't really require enchantment; with fearlessness and tolerance one can accomplish their objectives and wants simply like Oochigeaskw. Work Cited â€Å"Oochigeaskw-The Rough-Faced Girl. † Writing and Reading Across The Curriculum, twelfth Ed. Laurence Behrens and Leonard J. Rosen. Boston: Pearson, 2013. 245-247. Print. Award, Campbell. â€Å" Walt Disney’s Cinderella. † Writing and Reading Across The Curriculum, twelfth Ed. Laurence Behrens and Leonard J. Rosen. Boston: Pearson, 2013. 247-249. Print.

Humanitarian Ethics System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Helpful Ethics System - Essay Example As per an ongoing report by the World Federation of International Societies of the Red Cross and Red Crescent is not, at this point faultless philanthropic mediation before certain catastrophe without tending to its causes. This paper 2000 compassionate morals framework in a compact and far reaching way. Talking with regards to twenty first century, helpful activity is comprised on solid qualities, standards and guidelines of 'mankind', from which its name is taken. Humankind, in this manner, shows up as the relentless connection that joins together and concretes every single individual: an inclination, feeling and a feeling that push every individual to perceive the different as their equivalent and individual person. Most moral speculations in the antiquated world were types of righteousness morals, however in the time of 2000 there have, up to this point, been barely any ethicalness ethicists. Most good speculations of 2000 treat rightness as an issue of delivering great outcomes or complying with moral guidelines or standards, yet uprightness morals determines what is good comparable to such internal factors as character and thought process, and dissimilar to most present day sees, it treats aretaic ideas like praiseworthy and incredible - as opposed to deontic ideas like should, right, and required - as key to the undertaking of morals (Slote, 2007). Slote (2007) makes reference to that in its 2003 report on catastrophes, the International Federation of Societies of Red Cross and Red Crescent, notwithstanding investigating some convenient subjects, for example, starvation in southern Africa, the contention among force and morals in philanthropic guide to Afghanistan, the wonder of constrained relocation, encircled theoretically morals compassionate debacles and wars, consider the estimation of calamities (difficulties, openings and morals) and give information on fiascos and outcasts. As to starvation in mid 2003 influenced 15 million individuals in southern Africa, the archive reproves absence of foreknowledge, wastefulness and deferral in actualizing the guide. The mix of this calamity with the HIV/AIDS and destitution drastically confuses the circumstance and produces inquiries concerning the pertinence of certain mediate in clashes without assaulting its auxiliary causes (Slote, 2007). Jacques (2003) talks about that another case of the challenges of global guide to take care of essential issues is the circumstance in Afghanistan, where in numerous parts of security and human rights were intensified since the intrusion of the unified soldiers drove by the United States. Likewise the wonder of constrained relocation (175 million individuals living outside their country) raises moral and lawful issues identified with helpful guide and citizenship and their privileges. The compassionate morals is guided by two standards: lack of bias and autonomy. These are the premise of a set of accepted rules for helpful guide which has agreed to more than 200 associations around the world. In any case, the Federation of Societies of Red Cross and Red Crescent noticed that consistence with these standards has been lopsided. Compassionate help tends to

Concise Writing Techniques Give Your Writing the Marie Kondo Treatment

Concise Writing Techniques Give Your Writing the Marie Kondo Treatment There is a reason Marie Kondos methods have become a new lifestyle for people in everyday organizationâ€"they work, make sense, and make life easier to manage. What if you could do the same thing for your writing?In this article, well take a look at some of the classic rules that have been known to make writing easier, while introducing other good habits to develop when it comes to the craft of writing. Whether youre a fiction writer, a content writer, a technology writer, blogger, or anything in-between, these tips will apply to you. So, without further to do, lets get to our first concise writing technique:Tip #1: No adverbsWeve all been taught this rule, whether you have taken writing classes, studied craft books, or scoured the Internet for tips. The ultimate concise rule of writing is: No adverbs. Adverbs are telling words and they usually simply reinforce what has already been shown, or needs to be shown. They do not sound natural, and they throw the reader off.What if you had a bunch of Christmas decorations cluttering your houseâ€"when it wasnt Christmas timeâ€"in boxes because you didnt have the right storage method? Well, people would probably think it looked messy and didnt belong there, right? Its the same with adverbs. You can always find a better way than an adverb. This brings us to our next technique, another classic tip.Much like a cluttered house can look messy, your writing will look cluttered with too many adverbs. Photo by Onur Bahçivancilar on UnsplashTip #2: Show vs. tellThis is a golden rule that you can find in any craft book or from any editor. It takes a long time to strike the balance of showing and telling, especially when a writer is first starting out. Always be on the lookout for these opportunities and ask yourself: Have I appealed to any of the five senses? If the answer is no, then you are probably telling.Use your sensory descriptions. Telling takes up space and disengages the reader. Show them with some visceral and sensory details what is going on without having to give them an info dump. Trust your readers and your writing when it comes to show vs. tell. Just like we are trusting Marie Kondo with the organization of our homes. Because it has proven to be successful and make people happierâ€"most peoples favorite writing has appealed to their senses, so why not follow what has proven to be successful? Lets continue with the simplicity in our next technique.Tip #3: Delete filler wordsHow many times do you find yourself writing words like very, just, like, really, etc? Pretty (theres another one!) much any time you write words like these, you can simply delete them when revising and editing. They do not contribute anything more to your writing. Just like those filler objects that do not spark any joy for you! I guarantee you that your filler words wont be sparking joy in yourself or the reader. Delete, delete, delete.Lets even go a step further with this last rule. When editing, delete anything that do esnt move your story, article, and content forward in terms of momentum. Ask yourself if what you have written introduces us to something newâ€"if not, then you should probably delete it. Also ask yourself if what you have written is repetitive from previous sectionsâ€"if yes, then delete that, too.It can be really difficult as a writer to not only see when the tension is lost in our writing, but also difficult in terms of letting writing go that we like and have worked hard at creating. However, this is how our writing becomes cluttered and we lose readers attention. There is a classic quote often attributed to William Faulkner about writing, Murder your darlings. Think about this when it comes to Marie Kondo techniquesâ€"it doesnt spark the proper joy in your writing (i.e., it isnt doing what it is supposed to). So, therefore, make sure you thank yourself and that beautiful piece of writing you put forth, and simply save it for a later dateâ€"it may very well belong in a different piece.Tip #4: In dialogue, use saidAnother way to ensure conciseness in your writing is to use said as a dialogue tag instead of anything else, such as exclaimed, stammered, laughed, demanded, etc. These other words are overcomplicated and distract the reader from the line of dialogue, whereas said usually slips right by with simplicity and the reader wont even register the word, but will be drawn directly to the dialogue, which is your main goal. Dont distract the reader unless it is intentional; otherwise, you will be steering them down the wrong path. Much like showing vs. telling, trust your writing and your reader, and let the dialogue show what the tag you may have wanted to initially use was going to.This is another similar technique to no adverbs, using said, and showing vs. telling in that it keeps things simple. There is a classic quote from Mark Twain on writing: Dont use a five-dollar word when a fifty-cent word will do. This basically sums up simplicity and being conci se in itself. Dont distract your reader with unnecessary fancy words, but rather make your pointâ€"choose the correct word.Tip #5: Use active voiceSo often we see writers writing in the passive voice and it is both jarring and disengaging. An example of active voice would be: She looked at him. Now compare this with passive voice: The eyes of the girl watched the man. The girl is the one doing the watching, even if it is her eyes that take in an appearanceâ€"they are attached to her and her brain! So, which example sounds more pleasing and keeps it simple? I would even go further to say that the active voice example shows us more in terms of feeling and thought that could be taking place for the girl. Always stay active in writingâ€"and organizing, of course!Tip #6: Create an outlineCreating an outline could be directly compared to Marie Kondos infamous folding technique. The reason people love this technique so much is because they can see what each item of clothing is when they op en the drawer, and the space-saving simplicity is a major bonus. This is similar to an outline. In an outline, you can see each step that you must complete laid out in a tidy way. The simplicity is more in time saved spent on editing the un-outlined text rather than space saving in your drawers, but both are equally satisfying. And you may find that your outline sparks some serious joy.Along the same lines as the outline and comparable to Marie Kondos folding technique, you can also create an outline for personal deadlines. Obviously, if you have strict deadlines from a third party then you will want to adhere to those, but mapping out your timeframe yourself can be a great time-saver, and keep you meeting deadlines whether they be your own or someone elses. They let you see each part of the process as you tackle these stepsâ€"much like seeing all your shirts in a row in the drawer!Outlining can be a great way to achieve more concise writing. Photo by Adeolu Eletu on Unsplash.Tip #7 : Word sprintsAnother technique to try out is word sprints. This is a really efficient way to get a ton of writing done in a short time. You can designate exactly what you are going to work on and set a timer (usually for thirty minutes or so). You then write as much as possible in those thirty minutes and when the timer goes off you take a break. You can do as many as you want with set breaks in-between. The challenge will be to determine honestly when you know you will burn out so that you do not set unrealistic expectations for yourself. This is not only efficient, but can be really funâ€"much like tackling your home in one area at a time to organize.Another rule to keep in mind to make your writing engaging, clear, and easy to read is to vary sentence and paragraph length, and even chapter lengths if youre writing a book. Think about it in terms of how you would organize your clothes versus how you would organize your silverwareâ€"not every method works for every item. This is t he same for sentences and paragraphs. Some need to be shorter in order to function as theyre meant to and some need to be longer to convey the ideas. This will keep your readers feeling a sense of ease because your writing wont be making them do any hard work.Tip #8: Know what your topic is before you beginIf outlining doesnt work for you in the beginning, at least know or have an idea of what you want to say. You wouldnt tackle a drawer full of clutter without knowing how you were going to reorganize it, would you? Knowing what you want to say and identifying that it is a worthwhile message will create ease in your writing process, and probably make it quicker as well.There you have it, our most concise writing techniques that can be applied to any genre. Whether youre thinking about beginning the project, just getting started, or well into the editing phaseâ€"keep our guidelines in mind. And remember, you started this journey because it sparks joy, so keep that alive as you move f orward!

Personal Narrative My Virtual Parenting Experience

My Virtual Parenting Experience Life is always a surprise and things usually happen unexpectedly. Life is a mystery and it’s funny how when we are in our childhood years we want to be teenagers and when we are teenagers we can’t wait for that day that we turn 18 and actually become an â€Å"adult† and then a couple of years we go crazy waiting for our big 21. As a young child or a teenager we imagine our adult life to be like in the movies, where it is easy to find a job, money comes and go and everything works out perfect for the main character. During those years we are just being naà ¯ve and its funny and it hurts when we actually get pass 21 and we realize that life is nothing like in the movies and most of our life plans are still just plans and we haven’t accomplish them at the time we wanted. When we are â€Å"adult† meaning over 21 and we start thinking about the future and what we want in our life one of the first things that comes into mind is that if we want a family with that special someone that might be with us or if we are alone we always think if we’ll ever find that special someone. During the fall semester of 2015 in college I decided to take a parent-infant relationship course, and my main reason was my daughter Darianna. I felt like by taking this class I would learn to be a better mother because I will actually learn more of how a child thinking is different from adults. During the first day of class the professor informed the class that we were going to beShow MoreRelatedPsychological Effects of Social Media3121 Words   |  13 PagesGreenfield claims that social networking sites like Facebook and Twitter shorten attention spans and contribute to an instant gratification, self-centered mindset. 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Romeo And Juliet Diaries Essay - 1235 Words

Romeo and Juliet Diaries Act 1 Scene 3 Well today didn’t go the greatest, but before I got the worst news of my life I spent the day in the gardens. I love to spend most of my day there because then I can interact with nature. Nature is a blessing that most people take for granted. After I spent most of my morning in the garden I went to the paddock outside the city. There my family keeps all the chariot horses. While there I feed and water all the horses. Also while I m there everyone gets a good brushing and workout. After this and before dinner I went to see the Nurse. While there she told me that my dad (who happens to be Lord Capulet) is trying to force me into marriage. This really made me mad because I feel I’m too young†¦show more content†¦Unfortunately when we got there Paris was standing right outside the doors waiting for me. Since i have never seen him before I thought he was kind of ugly. As the night went on I saw a man who I thought was a Montague. 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Turf Grass Industries Free Essays

The field of turfgrass science, and golf course management has became very sophisticated in just the few short years that I have been involved. Much of the equipment has gone higher tech, as far as electric motors, and more computerized technology. Many golf course superintendents now are , â€Å"online via the web†. We will write a custom essay sample on Turf Grass Industries or any similar topic only for you Order Now If there is a question concerning a new disease or fertilizer one can log on to Texas A@M home page and hopefully find a solution to the problem. The technology in the computer field has also advanced the irrigation technology in the agriculture field. Irrigation systems can now be turned on with the touch of a button through IBM or MACINTOSH Personal computer. New computer technology will continue to make leaps and bounds for the turfgrass industry. Ransome Industries, maker of fine turgrass mowing equipment, has come out with the first electric mowing machine. I myself am not in favor of this, or I would guess anyone in the petroleum industry is either for that matter. There has been a greater demand for environmental concern along the nations coastlines, and nation wide. Most of the worlds great golf courses are located along the coasts. Ransome was banking on that an electric mowing machine would fit that need. It has been slow to catch on as of late. It†s benefits are an almost quiet no noise machine. (Beard 302). Many country club members would become outraged when the superintendents would send out the greensmowers daily at 6:00 A. M. The diesel and gasoline powered engines are noisy, and would wake up many members that live along the golf course. The second benefit is no cost of gasoline or oil, and therefore no chance of a petroleum leak or spill. There downfall lies in there initial cost,†$15,000 for a gasoline triplex mower, and $20,000 for an electric powered mower. Another real downfall is that they can only mow nine holes, then they have to be charged for ten hours, rendering them useless for the rest of the day. Hopefully technology can produce an environmental friendly machine, while not putting the oil industry in a bind, † And also keep the governments hands out of the cookie jar with new environmental taxes†!!!!!! The Internet has become a very important tool to the people in the turfgrass industry. At any given time a golf course superintendent can log onto various company†s home pages to learn something about their product. If one day I am searching for a new fairway mower, I can bypass the phone calls and written estimates, and go strait to the information. Toro, Ransome, Jacobsen, and even John Deere all have home pages. You can inquire on a certain mower model, engine size or anything you need to know. It will list a price and even the shipping and handling and the salesman†s commission. Perhaps the best part about the Internet, is all the turfgrass related information that is at your fingertips. (Beard 120) One can access the three dominating turfgrass schools in just seconds. Those three schools would be Texas A@M, Mississippi State, and Oklahoma State. If it is in the middle of the summer, and there is a big tournament coming up they can be of great help. If your putting greens start to die in spots in the heat of the summer, one could log on to Texas A@M home page, and root around for some information, on what type of disease might be causing it. (Beard 420) They give identifying characteristics for each disease that is helpful in a quick diagnoses of the problem. They even offer helpful tips on what chemicals will best control the problem, and how much to spray. If that†s not enough they give tips on employee management, and possible job opportunities with the college. How can the Internet and computer technology possibly make my future job any easier, I might ask. Well that is an easy question to answer. Toro, Rainbird, and Flowtronics PSI, have found a way to make water management an easy task. Automatic water irrigation systems have been around since the early seventy†s. First they were run off a mechanical pin and timer system for home lawn use. This was a very reliable system, but it lacked flexibility. (Wikshire95) Next came the automatic timer systems. These run off an electronic timer from a 110 volt wall outlet. These are still in use today, and it is a very good system. (Wikshire 112) Last but not least has come the water management system run from your personal Macintosh or IBM compatible computer. The personal computer actually works as the brain for the irrigation system. (Wikshire200) You down load the program into the computer, and bam it does all the work for you. It has a water sensor located outside that tells the system to shut off if it has rained to much, or to come on if it is getting extremely dry on a hot summer day. It also can measure the amount of nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium in the soil, if necessary. It will test the water, and tell you the amount of salt or nitrates located in the water. Once a watering program is started it is also easily changed to another program if so desired. (Wikshire202) This has benefited the turfgrass industry in many ways. It has saved superintendents from having to come and shut the irrigation off in the middle of the night if it starts raining hard. Most importantly it has saved money in the labor part of the budget. It keeps hourly employees occupied with other tasks, other than having to turn on individual sprinkler heads every day. The most popular program by far is the Rainbird Vari-Time V and VI programs. (Wikshire250) These two programs are leaps and bounds above the rest. Having knowledge of computers and computer related programs will be very beneficial to me in the turfgrass industry. The technology will benefit me and others. From new high tech electric mowing machines, to non hydraulic mowers. The Internet could be the most useful tool for me in my job. It will give me useful knowledge on what is going on in the world. Also it could help save me from a costly mistake when it comes to disease control that could cost me my job. The computer industry has also made great accomplishments when it comes to water conservation management. These programs can be downloaded into your personal computer. They are great labor savers, and most of all effective time management tools. I hope that the technology will keep advancing, and make my future job as a golf course superintendent much easier. How to cite Turf Grass Industries, Essay examples

Somethings Gotta Give free essay sample

Film Analysis: Something’s Gotta Give When Harry (Jack Nicholson) said â€Å"You know I’m not good at being monogamous, right? † to Erica (Dianne Keaton) in the film, Something’s Gotta Give, everyone in the room watching began to laugh. She soon replied â€Å"Monogamous? Please. I hardly know you. † Erica sure enough was getting closer and closer to Harry each day that they spent together in Erica’s luxurious beach house. However, the two barely knew each other, and some would call their personalities opposite, but they did have one thing in common. The way that they inspired to get to know each other is a good example of the Uncertainty Reduction Theory. After reading and doing online research about interpersonal communication theories, the Uncertainty Reduction Theory is definitely shown through Harry and Erica in the 2003 film, Something’s Gotta Give. In order to understand the theory and how it is shown through the film, it is important to have a little background on the movie itself. We will write a custom essay sample on Somethings Gotta Give or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Something’s Gotta Give is a romantic comedy about Harry Sanborn, an aged music industry executive with a fondness for younger women and his encounter with Erica Barry, a divorced play writer. Harry is dating Erica’s daughter, Marin, who decides to take him to her mother’s beach home for the weekend. Unexpectedly Erica shows up with her sister, and they all agree to stay for the weekend. Harry suffers from a heart attack while romancing Marin, and soon ends up in the hospital. A young man who is Harry’s doctor finds himself falling for Erica immediately. Harry is left in the care of Erica and the doctor, and a love triangle starts to take shape. While â€Å"living† together, Harry and Erica are forced to get to know each other and soon find out, after many humorous moments, that they are in love. The two of them have to overcome some self related issues and soon find that they are perfect for each other.

How does Zephaniahs writing vividly express views on injustic in Chant of a Homesick Nigga free essay sample

Benjamin Zephaniah expresses his views on justice toward the black community, in his poem, â€Å"Chant of a Homesick Nigga†. Zephaniah is a profound political poet and activist whom has released several poems based around the injustice surrounding the black community, including this poem. This poem is a very dark, and we get a sense of anger and rage throughout. The poem is based upon the unjust and mistreatment of the black community, and about how they community are crying out for fairness and absolute justice, and how the black community, in this case, are being put to jail for crimes they did not commit, â€Å"I have not hidden any loot†. Zephaniah uses many techniques in order to vividly express his views on the matter. One of the main techniques Zephaniah uses is his use of a free flowing structure instead of a more regular structure. This technique is subtle but very effective but it allows Zephaniah his freedom of expression, and helps him develop his thoughts more clearly. We will write a custom essay sample on How does Zephaniahs writing vividly express views on injustic in Chant of a Homesick Nigga or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page There is rhyme throughout, such as â€Å"talk† and walk†, and â€Å"downhearted† and â€Å"started†, which are included in the second stanza, yet the poem is still free flowing. This poem is irregular, but this lets Zephaniah describe his thoughts vividly, which is the main aim of this poem, so this technique is very effective. Another technique that Zephaniah used which is very powerful and very strong is the use of racist terms. Zephaniah uses terms such as â€Å"nigga†, †scum†, †coon† and â€Å"wog†, which are words that are very insulting and socially unacceptable terms in which the black community are put under. These words bring anger, and emotion into the poem, showing that they are categorized insulted by means of skin colour and race. This brings emotion by showing us how they are socially treated differently, when in fact they are exactly the same, and it shows us Zephaniah’s anger by referring to his own race in these racist terms, showing that they are treated so differently that they bring to think they are different, so this technique is very effective. Also the line, â€Å" But I won’t call you master†, is a reference to slavery, and although they call the black community racist terms, they will not get the  community to call them m aster, which shows defiance that they will not go back to the horrendous slavery times, when the community were seen as different people entirely. This reference to slavery is meant to show the people that those times are over, the people are more intelligent, but this is referring that the police force are treating the blacks differently, although they are not important, as though they are slaves. This brings a sense of regret and disappointment at the way they are subconsciously treating human beings unfairly, and Zephaniah makes this clear, he expresses his opinion very clearly by using this technique. Zephaniah uses emotive terms and sentences throughout the piece, providing a tone of helplessness and fury. â€Å"But I am weak†, shows us that the black community when held in prison are maltreated, and they are left illegally in an unfit stare, leaving them weak with no energy, which is unusual, stating the fact that this is only subjected toward the black community. â€Å"No decent fold to hear me cry†, again is another statement the shows us how the black community are being maltreated illegally and that no decent people will fight for their justice. â€Å" I need a meal or barrister to help me out, I know my rights, Now tape dis talk† is a statement that they are not been given their human rights and that they are not allowed a lawyer or barrister to fight for their justice. Also, â€Å"tape dis talk† is telling us that they are interrogating the blacks illegally by not recording the interview, meaning the interviewers can say whatever they want, and they may never be brought to justice. This adds a tone of guilt, and a sense of darkness, the darkness o how much injustice is still booming though racism. The last technique Zephaniah uses is the constant use of pronouns and the use of repetition. â€Å"I want my Mom, I want my twin†, shows us the community, or in this case the black man, is weak, so weak he is shouting childish cries which makes us develop sympathy for him. The repetition shows us that he really needs someone, that he is literally begging for someone to help him out. This develops emotion and a tone of sympathy. The use of pronouns is effective as it congregates the black community in one word. The use of â€Å"I† in the poem can refer to this singular man, but also it can refer to the black community as a whole. â€Å"I know my rights†, can refer also to the racism  that the black community face, and they know their human rights. Also â€Å" I know the truth I live in† can refer to the same subject matter; that they know, even though people may deny it, that racism is still alive and they are subjected to it constantly. This technique fences off the black community as a whole and shows that the rest of the world are subjecting the black community, as a whole, to unfair unjust. This adds a tone of separation and difference. From the discussion above, we can conclude that Zephaniah did in fact vividly express his views on justice in this poem, â€Å"Chant of a Homesick Nigga†. He uses many techniques, such as; emotive statements, repetition, pronouns as a use of collection, free-flowing structure, and the use of racist terms. The techniques Zephaniah uses provide a tone of separation, anger and desperation for justice. This shows us his opinion on justice, that even though racism is socially unaccepted, it is still alive and very prominent, that actually there is racism underlined in our police force, which is what we trust. This proves to us that even though we trust that the forces are working for us, and they are here to protect us, they are indeed corrupt and racist. Zephaniah is trying to portray the unjust that the black communities are evolved in, and he wants to show the public that they are still subjected to racism. Through all these techniques we can successfully see how Zephaniah vivid ly expresses his opinion.

The best night jobs you can work during the graveyard shift

The best night jobs you can work during the graveyard shift Not everyone is meant for a 9-to-5 life. Or maybe you’re looking for a side hustle to supplement your 9-to-5 life. Or†¦maybe you’re a vampire. Whatever the case may be, we don’t judge- and we have some of the best jobs out there for night owls. 1. Air Traffic ControllerThis is not your quiet, sit-back-and-read kind of night job. It’s a â€Å"pound that espresso, because you need to be on it† night job, one for people who can be organized and diligent at any hour of the day or night. Air traffic controllers are responsible for coordinating aircraft takeoffs and landings at airports and communicate directly with pilots about runway conditions, weather, and other issues that can impact a safe takeoff or landing.To score this job, you’ll need a bachelor’s degree, and to complete a Federal Aviation Administration training program. Because this is a highly specialized job that requires amazing attention to detail and the ability to stay calm under any conditions, it’s a lucrative one as well: the median salary is $122,950 per the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.2. Paramedic/EMTSpeaking of jobs that require calm under pressure, paramedics and EMTs are high on that list as well. This is a job that can have you on call during any shift of the day, responding to emergency calls and helping people in a variety of medical or emergency situations.To become a paramedic/EMT, you’ll need an associate’s degree and/or a certificate from a paramedic-specific allied health programs (some require up to 1,200 hours for certification). All states require candidates to pass a national exam before they can be certified and ready to hit the streets. The median salary is $32,670 per the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.3. Rideshare Service DriverWhile there aren’t quite as many people out and about at midnight as, say, 6 p.m., plenty of people still need to get around at all hours of the night- coming home f rom bars, clubs, working late, etc. That’s often where rideshare drivers for companies like Uber and Lyft come in.To become a rideshare driver, you’ll need a valid driver’s license and a decent vehicle, plus you’ll need to pass a background check. Rideshare drivers can make up to $30 an hour, depending on location and tips.4. Casino DealerIf you’ve ever been in a casino, you might have noticed they’re not big on clocks- all the better to keep people gambling all night without realizing how late it is. That means casinos have staff on hand at all times of day or night, including the graveyard shifts. Dealers lead casino games (craps, blackjack, poker, and more) and handle money transactions on behalf of the casino. Not everyone lives near a casino, but if you do, it can be a good option for your night job.To become a casino dealer, you will need a high school diploma or equivalent, and may need to pass a background check (given that youâ€⠄¢ll be dealing with significant amounts of money). You should also have good math skills and attention to detail.5. Security GuardWhen you think of a night job, this might be the one that comes to mind. Security guards are responsible for making sure that premises are secure all night long, even if no one else is there. Depending on the company, it can be a very low-stress night job, letting you multitask with schoolwork, reading, or other activities that let you keep an eye on what’s going on.To become a security guard, you’ll need to have a high school diploma or equivalent, plus receive on-the-job training. You may also need to be trained in handling weapons, depending on the job.

Why Did Chinese Culture Become So Popular Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Why Did Chinese Culture Become So Popular - Essay Example During the Nara period, the factor which influenced the Japanese nation most was religion. Japan had suffered from severe famine, drought and plague thus driving the poor, desperate, hunger-stricken people to seek refuge in religion, as their last resort. The religion that apparently brought relief to them was Buddhism. Buddhism traveled to Japan from China, across the sea, through the Korean empire. The influence of Buddhism grew under the supervision of Buddhist monks who had studied it in Tang China. These monks had a strong hold over the beliefs of the Japanese people thus manipulating them in the direction of Buddhism. As the religion of Buddhism gained popularity, the buildings and civil works also gained fame in religious trends i.e. the architecture of buildings, shrines, temples etc. turned towards Buddhism. Statues of Buddha became a common and famous trend. These architectures were similar to Chinese architecture as both nations shared the same religion. The city of Nara was built modeled according to the Tang dynasty. The temple of Nara was built which became famous globally due to the huge statue of Buddha. Fundamentally the Japanese imperial structure is very different from Chinese imperial structure. Even though the Japanese nation adopted Chinese culture, their history remains vastly different. Most people think that the development and rise of Japan go along with the fall and underdevelopment of China. This brings a clash of opinions between the two.  

The economics of End Stage Renal Disease Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The economics of End Stage Renal Disease - Essay Example as enabled the government to control the costs they incur by revision of the delay of treatment services to patients who are not covered by the medical scheme (Kovner, Knickman and Weisfield, 2011). An organization providing ESRD treatment is likely to increase their earnings before deducting the interest they attract on borrowed finances, taxation, depreciations and amortization. With the control of the CMS, it intends to exert on achieving a breakdown of the costs, the organizations will tend to suffer losses. The eventual close down of the service providers will come as a result along with a decline of the quality they dispense. The financial burdens of the disease are also given to commercial and private dispensers to reduce the authorities cost (McKenzie, Pinger and Kotecki, 2011). The major purpose of having the legislation is to ensure that the rates of reimbursement equal the costs incurred in the provision of these services. The patients of the chronic disease are required to join government-sponsored schemes such as Medicare and Medicaid services for them to attain cheaper and subsidized treatment. They can also go for treatment in authorized institutions that dispense the treatment. By joining these schemes, they will be able to acquire the necessary treatment easily, and increase the costs they will incur due to the profits the organization requires. This is because of the governments regulation and subsidies that affect the provision of treatment. Joining of insurance schemes is also another way that patients can be assisted to acquire affordable, high quality and accessible treatment (Milstead, 2004). This is because the companies direct the patients to the best facilities and assist in covering the costs they incur. The provision of the medical facilities by the government ensures that all the patients in their population requiring treatment for the disease get it cheaply and easily. However, patients who are over sixty-five years of age will not

Designing and Implementing E-procurement

Designing and Implementing E-procurement CHAPTER ONE: Background Study Overview The project is designing and implementing e-procurement on business-to-business transactions, it first identifies current procurement process and explores how to implement procurement that involves mainstay drivers and problems of e-procurement system usage and investigate the effect on the performance of the Ministry in terms of e-government and transparency in the Federal Ministry of Science and technology. The solution essentially involves in creating all the requirement details/ specs, of a tender to be floated electronically, in parameterized form; so that subsequent evaluation comparative chart preparation exercises could be automated to a large extent. The term procurement can be referred to as the buying of tangible and intangible merchandise for organizations which can be executed through agency or company. Procurement is not an event. It is a process and signifies a continuing relationship between the government and its suppliers. Procurements are always taken as an important task in the government environment and always handled in a strictly secured and controlled manner (Dunleavy, 1994). According to Nwokak, et al. (2007) procurement is also one of the sectors that remains insulated against any process improvements. At the moment, it is been recognized world over, that Information and Communication Technology (ICT) can eliminate the existing bureaucratic problems and make the governments performance more resourceful, easily reached and clear as crystal, besides being cost-effective. The procurement process in the Ministry of science and technology (www.fmst.gov.ng)is a complex process that starts and ends in a cycle. Procurement cycle starts from Raising of the requirements for an item or a service and ends only after settlement of supplier payments as shown in the diagram below. The Concept of E-Procurement Electronic Procurement can describe as purchasing order that release a communication over the internet through authorized internet seller catalogue. E-procurement is the electronic purchase of goods and services for an organization; Turban et al. (2006) from an easy phrase, electronic purchase can be described as procedure to purchase tangible and intangible merchandise by the use of internet for a company or institution. For example, within Nigeria, the majority of companies in the petroleum Industries, United Parcel Service, Plc.(Ups) Federal Express Plc (Fedex), communication industries etc are some of the few organizations that practice e-procurement in material purchase (Nwokak et al, 2009). The reason is so, because the industries have advanced and developed their technology usage of e-procurement keeping up with the changes in the business environment as it pertains to information and technology. Furthermore, electronic procurement or merchant trade is the business-to-consumer (B2C) or company-to-company (C2C) acquisition as well as trade of tangible and intangible goods by electronic means and various information and network system, like the Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) and Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) (Nwokak et al, 2009). Electronic procurement systems permit competent and valid user to search for buyer or seller of tangible as well as intangible merchandise. No matter which method, buyer or seller may as well state the outlay and request for bidding. Dealings can then be welcomed. Other Concepts in E-procurement Reverse Auction The traditional auction is a Forward Auction. It is a process through which a seller offers an item for auction, and prospective buyer competes with one another other for acquisition. By doing this, the price continue to move up upon the time nobody will be able to go up further. In the reverse auction, several dealers of a product vie for the trade of one single purchaser. In such a way the price moves downward. There are 3-4 flavours of reverse auction, called as: English Auction, Dutch auction, Sealed Bid Auction etc. How it works There is no contact or conciliation with the bidders during the auction. The Buyer also watches the progress of bidding from his office. Identities if bidders are available to him. In reverse auction competition is high; bidders get tempted to bid lower and lower to clinch the deal, until they are unwilling to go any further. At the conclusion the lowest bidder emerges as winner of the auction. Benefits To Buyers: Significant reduction in cost due to Dynamic Bidding process. Inefficiencies in the supply chain reduce. With real time competition, suppliers are on their toes It is an effective way of measuring and assessing price discovery and making the negotiation process an easy effort. Often used along with Tendering. To Vendors: Ensures Savings in marketing cost / distributor margins Facilitates flexibility in pricing decision. Transparency increases Allows vendors to assess their pricing power from close quarters of competition. E-payment Commonly available modes for effecting EMD/ Fee/ other payments electronically, from within a software Application, are: Online payment through Credit cards/ Debit cards or Direct Account Debit (using Gateway for Internet Banking) Depending on the actual need and usage constraints, the appropriate mode could be chosen and integrated into the s/w application. Credit cards could conveniently be integrated for use if the payment amounts involved are not substantial. For all other cases where payment amounts could be heavy, payments through Direct Debits from concerned accounts, using Internet Banking is the only alternative. Scope of E-procurement solution to the Ministry Purchasing of all kinds of goods and services, works etc. Types of Tenders Open, Limited, Expression of Interest Hybrid Mode of Operation Electronic and Paper Based Bid Submission (Initial Stages of Implementation) Mode of Payments (Tender Fee, EMD) e-Payment, as well as Conventional Payment Modes (DD etc.) The Importance of Procurement The purchasing of merchandise, works, and services has a main effect on the efficient execution of an assignment. To a great degree the quality, cost, and judicious achievement of a task determined on the supervision and managing of purchase of materials needed. Use of articulated policy and practice, considered by unbiased, just, and transparent measures, is vital, not only to create reliable and steady market that will be capable to catch the fancy of competent contractor and supplier, but also to uphold the paradigm of accountability and the cost-efficient use of civic treasury. The importance of procurement in delivering key aims and mission of the ministry, and as a result the procurement of merchandise, facility and services is of strategic significance to the Ministry: It has an undeviating force on the Ministrys general overheads, and price of service prerequisite to public. Can have direct effect with delivery of its services by Ministrys. Can have direct effect on the accomplishment of business, department and service mission. It provide the system to deliver key plan objective, together with sustainability, corporate work environment, egalitarianism and cost-effective improvement. It operate in multifaceted dog matic structure that should be followed. Benefits of E-Procurement to Ministry of Science and Technology. For years, improvement to purchase has been attempted, frequently by means of information technology. The concrete opportunity for development today lies in the use of e-procurement, the electronic process of obtaining goods and services for an organization Nwokak et al, (2009). They further to ascertain that by automation and reformation the thorough and arduous routine of obtain task, purchase professional will have the opportunity to pay more attention, on other tactical purchase, in order to achieve these set of objectives: Growing the efficiency of purchase agent (by giving enough period as well as decreasing the work stress) Reducing the procure price by merchandise homogeny reverse auctions, quantity price cut, and also through purchase consolidation. Getting better information stream and organization (for example supplier information and price). Reducing or elimination of the purchase through unqualified vendors, in that way eliminating nonconformist buying. Getting better the disbursement procedures and savings due to expedite disbursement (for seller) Ensure just in time delivery always Slash order-fulfilment and handling period through the use of computerization Reduce skill as well as instruction need of purchase agent. Reduce numeral figure of supplier Reformation of purchase procedure, creating it easy, better and speedy (may involve authorize) Requests to carry out purchase on their desktop, bypassing purchasing unit. Reformation of account statements and difference of opinion decision Reduce organizational handing out expenditure for each bid a s to a great extent of 90% Getting fresh supplier and vendor that will be able to provide goods and services quicker and more so, More cost effective due to better sourcing. Integrate budgetary measures in purchase procedure. Reduction or elimination of individual error in trade or transport procedure Monitor as well as regulate exchange activities. The various benefits are listed below Transactional Benefits Electronic purchase enable purchaser to process transaction through internet. For instance, an internet-base transacts means through which things can be chosen mostly from an identified catalogues and submit for authorization. The device can be connected in same direction of the backside part of ERP structure for access, imbursement of invoice, and arrangement of organization information. Electronic procedures (together with computerization of p-card purchase) lead to immense period saving as well as effectiveness owing to: universal, computerized process incorporate finest tradition as well as eliminate needless actions; electronic processing enable affiliation with supplier, which speed purchase phase period and facilitate contractor feat improvement; and better data correctness, which minimize order in accuracy as well as provide the necessary base for enhanced supervision from side to side control and scrutiny. Compliance Benefits A lot of instances in a company, conformity and unconventional expenditure is an important problem not for the reason that workers intentionally procure outside of favoured arrangements, but to a certain extent through be short of knowledge. Electronic purchases address this from side to side apparatus such as catalogues and benchmark order procedures and authorized process. Conformity will be achieved owing to: easy and speedy request-to-pay procedure together with a easy to use interface and pre-source catalogues modified to the needs of different client; easy and speedy tactical source procedure with benchmark purchase process and apparatus, without difficulty accessing information Electronic purchase structure, the only purchase method obtainable. Management Information Benefit This statement analyze the important of datas cost centre, commodity codes, etc. is hard coded in opposition to the user significantly reduce code error and provide extremely exhaustive as well as effortlessly available data. This is very important information to make the rule of the monetary revenue of tactical source. A successful e-procurement performance will give high value, complete management information and will reverse the need for data warehousing or resource heavy data mining, by David Eakin (2002). The capability to display to your supplier that you are using e-procurement as an apparatus to make sure final user do respect their union significance will augment ability to bargain along the prices through: Better improved capture and as a result, trustworthiness of expenditure information; and Better assurance that costs volume can be assured from better conformity with the structure, hence allow degree price breaks and discount to achieve. These include the capacity to improve management of business cash flow as well as control the proficient imbursement of supplier because of the further rationalized procurement procedures giving additional suitable and precise information to the accounts payable department. Possible benefit includes limited staff a hard benefit only if improvement can bring about head count decrease) and brings down expenditure on postages as well as stationeries. Throughout negotiations the procurement manager can further credibly guarantee the supplier a level of prompt payment, which was not possible prior to e-procurement. David Eakin (2002). However, the electronic invoice benefit is frequently unexamined and uncared for. Reduction in Procurement Contracts cycle time Cost Reduction Efficient streamlined Procurement Processes New Supplier Discovery Close Monitoring of Activities/ Vendor Performance Rich MIS and Analytics New Improved Image Standardized formats and Uniform tendering practices Increased visibility/ Less artificial barriers Increased business opportunities, Greater degree of transparency Cycle time reduction in participation and award of Contract Supplier Enablement and Ease of Participation For high-value items, purchasing personal in the Ministry spends most of their work period on procurement activities. These functions involve developing relationship with considered supplier, negotiating prices as well as terms, qualifying supplier, and bringing out suppliers certification as well as evaluation. When buyer is occupied in the midst of information of lesser things (especially MROs), they have less period to adequately engage in the purchase of the high value item. Other problems can happen in traditional purchase. These include delay in paying a lot for hasten order. Purchase inadequacy is nonconformist exchange, (impromptu procurements of merchandise needed hurriedly, unintentionally at non-pre-negotiated soaring price. The conventional purchase procedure, as discuss over, is therefore ineffective. In other to avoid a repeat of this event, the ministry needs to re-engineer the process of purchasing, by carrying out of new purchasing models in general, through the int roduction of electronic purchase. From this stage, we shall gaze at what e-procurement means in B2B market. The issues are summarized below: Lack of a general Public Procurement Policy. Nigeria lack up to date regulation on Public Procurement and enduring supervision and supervise purchase entity. Transparency in Procurement Act, The finance Control and Management Act, 1958, jointly with Financial policy which sets basic regulations for managing public expenses have gap, deficiency as well as defective execution of existing set of laws on procurement (for example, inadequate in the arrangement for controlling and supervision) which make opportunity for unethical behaviour. Lack of model bidding documents and contract documents -because of inflations, inadequate and regularly adjustment to threshold of the favourable limit of the Tenders Board, their approval were regularly gnarled consequential in abuse, top amongst include is split of contract. Complicated procedures for approvals, bidding and payments. There is a large number of tenders board that are alleged by the private sector as a source of delay as well as non intelligibility. Furthermore, those tenders board appear to encompass inadequate mandate amid power to choose contracted faction active through the permanent Secretary as well as Minister/ Commissioner. Inadequate skilled resources. There is no centralized system of registration of suppliers. Delays in making payments to suppliers whos Procurement are sometimes executed through staffs that substantially lack the required experience. E-government procurement is the collaborative purchase of tangible and intangible merchandise by the civic division using electronic methods at every stage ensuring transparency and efficiency. Ideally, it covers the full life cycle of procurement. The intention is to automate, possibly, the whole purchasing processes, along with tender offer submission as well as payment from supplier; in an automated computerized concurrent situation .E-procurement could resolve many of the constraints/ delays of traditional procurement. In David Eakin (2002).Summary, e-Procurement is the business-to-business buying and selling of supplies and services online. The e-procurement helps both the buyers and the suppliers to decrease the cycle time, needless paper work, waiting in long queues and at the same time maintain the simplicity in the entire process. David Eakin, (February, 2003). Which are to:- Reduce cycle times of procurement Increase supplier access to ensure wider participation Reduce costs of procurement through competitive bidding and Reverse Auctioning Remove cartelisation by supplier groups (Reverse Auctioning) enhance transparency in the procurement procedure Almost complete elimination of paperwork, for speedy and efficient functioning Inefficient function In the Ministry is because of: Lack of a general civic procurement policy Lack of consistency in enforcing procurement practice procedures Low competence labour-intensive process call for of intelligibility in procurement leading to fraud pilferage of the treasury unethical practice by suppliers Cartel creation Influence selection by bribing unit personnel Advances in electronic procurement by the use of safe internet-enabled means have not being used in an extensive method Approach to a Procurement Solution Before looking for an e-Procurement solution, a relook on existing procurement procedures/ practices is essential: As Is Analysis, Re-engineering for optimized processes Optimization/ reduction in process-flow steps Uniformity/ standardization in formats/ practices/ procedures Organization wide use of unified item-codification structure Automation of Processes Critical Determinants of a procurement Solution Good authentication Role based access Security, Secrecy (of bids) Signing, Encryption Ease of Use, Tender Templates, e-Payment integration etc. Integrated Document Management features, Good Analytics Good Audit trail/ traceability features Access for Financial Audit, Legal and RTI needs Good Archival Retrieval features/ policy Safe and secure Probing for seller so as to get and contrast supplier and product occasionally can be in reality awfully time-consuming and expensive. Most Ministries as a way out invite sellers to fulfill orders and create market place. Procurement is used to refer to the purchase of goods and services for an organization, (Martin et. al., 2001). Federal Ministry of Science and Technology (FMST) are among of the important parastatals of the Federal Government. The major term of office is providing access to technology for the Majority of Nigerian Populace. The ministry is made up of 8 (eight) departments. The Department of Administration and Supply within the Ministry is responsible for: Planning, management and entirely documenting the procedure to purchase both tangible and intangible merchandise. use of active Continuing Service Agreement for products to attain program needs; management, soliciting and contract award procedures is done prudently and unprejudiced method that is fair and treat every potential vendor and bidder; ensures that contract for good, service as well as building is planned to offer the most excellent value to government; ensures that every ministry acquisition and disposal is unswerving with guidelines, appropriate legislature as well as trade agreement; Declare products excess as soon as their utilization to the ministry has finished. The department is therefore responsible for procurement of goods and services in the Ministry. The Nature and Scope of E-Procurement According to Nwokak et al, (2009) different methods are employed to procure goods and services by companies depending on what and where they buy, the quantities needed, how much money is involved, and more. They further mentioned some important procurements method to comprise the listed below: To buy from an internal buyers catalogue in which company-approved vendors catalogues, including agreed upon prices, are aggregated. This approach is used for the implementation of desktop purchasing, which allows the requisitions to order directly from vendors, bypassing the procurement department. Buy directly from manufacturers, wholesalers, or retailers from their catalogues and possibly by negotiation. Frequently, a contract implements such a purchase. Buy from the catalogue of an intermediary (e-distributor) that aggregates sellers catalogues. Conduct biding or tendering (a reverse auction) in a system in which suppliers compete against each other. This method is used for large-ticket items or large quantities. To buy at private or public auction sites in which the organization participates as one of the buyers. Collaborate with suppliers to share information about sales and inventory, as to reduce inventory and stock -outs and enhance just-in-time delivery (Turban et al 2006). Join a group-purchasing system that aggregates participants demand, creating a large volume. Then, the group may negotiate prices or initiate a tendering process. The Procurement Process Procurement cycle starts from Raising of the requirements for an item or a service and ends only after settlement of supplier payments. By Category of Goods Services Goods Services Civil Contracts By Nature of Procurement Tenders Rate Contract Catalogue Buying Auctions, Reverse Auctions By Size / Volume of procurement High Values, low volumes Low values, High Volumes By Portfolio of services needed Requisition, Bid Process Evaluation, Award, PO Supply, Quality check, Inventory Management Payment, Accounting, Audit MIS, EIS The traditional procurement process has been widely criticized as an ineffective procurement method because it often involves time and cost overrun (Dunleavy, 1994). Yet the method is still being widely used in Nigeria most especially for the procurement in Ministry of Science and technology. Inefficiencies in Traditional Procurement Management According to Nwokak et al (2009) precisely 80% of organizations purchase item, especially for Maintenances, Repairs as well as Operating items (MROs), constitutes 20- 25 percent of the total purchasing values. Furthermore, Nwokak; OzuruUgoji (2009) affirmed that a portion of corporate buyers time is spent on non-value-added activities such data entry, correcting errors in paper work, expediting delivery or solving quality problems. For high-value items, purchasing personal spend a great deal of time and effort on procurement activities. These activities include qualifying suppliers, negotiating prices and terms, building rapport with strategic suppliers, as well as carrying out supplier evaluation and certification (Nwokak et al, 2009). If buyers are busy with details of the smaller items (usually MROs), they do not have enough time to properly deal with the purchase of the high -value items. Other inefficiencies also may occur in conventional procurement. These range from delays to paying too much for rush orders. Procurement inefficiency is maverick buying, (unplanned purchase of items needed quickly, often at non-pre-negotiated high prices. The traditional procurement process, as discussed above, often is therefore inefficient (Mills, 1996). In order to correct this situation, the ministry needs to reengineer their procurement systems, implementation of new purchasing models and in particular, introduce e-procurement. At this juncture, we will look at what e-procurement is in a B2B marketplace. Issues in Ministry Procurement Lack of a common Public Procurement Policy: Nigeria lacks a modern law on Public Procurement and Permanent oversight and monitor purchasing entities. Lack of model bidding documents and contract documents -due to inflation and lack of regular adjustments on the thresholds of the approving limits of the Tender Boards, their authorization were constantly being eroded resulting in abuses, prominent among which is splitting of contracts. Complicated procedures for bidding, approvals and payments. That there was proliferation of tender boards which were perceived by the private sector as sources of delays and non transparency. In addition, these tender boards appeared to have limited mandates with powers to decide contracts de facto resting with the permanent Secretary and the Minister/ Commissioner. Lack of skilled resources. No centralized system of registration of suppliers. Delays in making payments to suppliers that Procurement is often carried out by staff who substantially lack relevant training. Conclusion Not until June 2008 was the procurement bill recently signed into law, previously there was no Federal or state law governing the practice of public procurement in Nigeria. With the advent of the new law, a number of challenges with regards to transparency, accountability and good governance in the area of contracts and procurement of supplies and services by government. In Nigeria it is pertinent to note that e-procurement is not prominently featured in law, this project sets out to make e-procurement prominently featured. With the advent of digital technology and globalisation, Nigeria as a third world country needs to be aware of the challenges and opportunities with regards to the e-procurement process. Furthermore, this project seeks to classify the meaning as well as the benefits of the E-procurement process in Nigeria. This project will also highlight the challenges in transforming Nigeria into a transparent and corrupt-free business environment and also ways of overcoming the challenges of adopting e-procurement in Nigeria. (E-Public Procurement in Nigeria: Some Lessons from EU, 2009) Investigation of Security Issues Security E-procurement platform transacts confidential procurement data and is exposed to several security threats. Agencies world over face threats to their online e-procurement and usually desist from sending sensitive information over the Internet for security reasons. The growing number of cyber crimes has added doubts regarding the reliability of the Internet. Security measures such as authentication and encryption are therefore employed while passing sensitive information between companies. Another major issue concerning e-procurement is the type of goods that are procured through the online medium. Companies usually prefer to source smaller, inexpensive goods such as office stationery (Miller, 2006). Larger complex orders that usually take weeks or months for negotiation are done in the traditional manner but this can be addressed by employing a combination of security features and security best practices which result in reduced threat of data loss, leakage or manipulation. Security and secrecy of tender data is of paramount importance as the portal handles sensitive procurement transactions of departments and has foreseen the security concerns. Security mechanisms provide a secure communication interface, mainly for the exchange of documents between procurement authorities and Economic Operators. Standards constituting adequate and acceptable security need to be provided for the implementation of services during each stage of the procurement process. Importance of Security in e-procurement Security is one of the major factors restricting the growth of e-procurement. Without proper security measures this could lead to the loss or corruption of sensitive information on e-procurement. Security breach could also lead to fraud and financial loss, also includes misappropriation of funds and revealing of sensitive information (The Economist, 1995). This project outlines various security issues faced by e-procurement in Nigeria and possible solutions that can be implemented to reduce such risk. (NATIONAL E-PROCUREMENT PROJECT SUPPLEMENTARY GUIDANCE NOTES, 2004) The major objectives measured for the creation of a safe environment include the following: Verification: guarantees that the service is only available to users with a confirmed identity. Agreement: guarantees that authenticated users can only contact services or data matching their task and access rights. Confidentiality: guarantees that the data exchanged between the person requesting it and the provider cannot be intercepted or accessed by a third non-authorised party. honesty: guarantees that data exchanged among the person requesting it and the contributor has not been tampered with by a third non-authorised party. Non repudiation: guarantees that the sender of the message cannot reject, at a shortly point in time, that he/she sent it. Accordingly, following stringent security measures are already implemented in the system to ensure that transactions on e-procurement portal happen in the most secured manner: Physical security of Data Centre. Entry to the Data centre is with Bio metric smart cards, round the clock CCTV monitoring and under strict personal supervision of Data Centre personnel. Web security through 128 bit Secured Socket Layer (SSL) Technology from client end to server for secured passage of data. Fire walls, intrusion detection system, online virus check, up to date antivirus system, online OS patches to prevent malicious attacks. Network monitoring system to monitor the service levels of the site. Sound back up methods for storing data. Comprehensive Audit Logs of all events that are taking place on the platform. Access controls, sharing of functions between system administrator and data base administrator Third party security audit of e-procurement system. M/s. PWC has conducted security audit in pilot phase (2003) and has expressed that security is unco Designing and Implementing E-procurement Designing and Implementing E-procurement CHAPTER ONE: Background Study Overview The project is designing and implementing e-procurement on business-to-business transactions, it first identifies current procurement process and explores how to implement procurement that involves mainstay drivers and problems of e-procurement system usage and investigate the effect on the performance of the Ministry in terms of e-government and transparency in the Federal Ministry of Science and technology. The solution essentially involves in creating all the requirement details/ specs, of a tender to be floated electronically, in parameterized form; so that subsequent evaluation comparative chart preparation exercises could be automated to a large extent. The term procurement can be referred to as the buying of tangible and intangible merchandise for organizations which can be executed through agency or company. Procurement is not an event. It is a process and signifies a continuing relationship between the government and its suppliers. Procurements are always taken as an important task in the government environment and always handled in a strictly secured and controlled manner (Dunleavy, 1994). According to Nwokak, et al. (2007) procurement is also one of the sectors that remains insulated against any process improvements. At the moment, it is been recognized world over, that Information and Communication Technology (ICT) can eliminate the existing bureaucratic problems and make the governments performance more resourceful, easily reached and clear as crystal, besides being cost-effective. The procurement process in the Ministry of science and technology (www.fmst.gov.ng)is a complex process that starts and ends in a cycle. Procurement cycle starts from Raising of the requirements for an item or a service and ends only after settlement of supplier payments as shown in the diagram below. The Concept of E-Procurement Electronic Procurement can describe as purchasing order that release a communication over the internet through authorized internet seller catalogue. E-procurement is the electronic purchase of goods and services for an organization; Turban et al. (2006) from an easy phrase, electronic purchase can be described as procedure to purchase tangible and intangible merchandise by the use of internet for a company or institution. For example, within Nigeria, the majority of companies in the petroleum Industries, United Parcel Service, Plc.(Ups) Federal Express Plc (Fedex), communication industries etc are some of the few organizations that practice e-procurement in material purchase (Nwokak et al, 2009). The reason is so, because the industries have advanced and developed their technology usage of e-procurement keeping up with the changes in the business environment as it pertains to information and technology. Furthermore, electronic procurement or merchant trade is the business-to-consumer (B2C) or company-to-company (C2C) acquisition as well as trade of tangible and intangible goods by electronic means and various information and network system, like the Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) and Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) (Nwokak et al, 2009). Electronic procurement systems permit competent and valid user to search for buyer or seller of tangible as well as intangible merchandise. No matter which method, buyer or seller may as well state the outlay and request for bidding. Dealings can then be welcomed. Other Concepts in E-procurement Reverse Auction The traditional auction is a Forward Auction. It is a process through which a seller offers an item for auction, and prospective buyer competes with one another other for acquisition. By doing this, the price continue to move up upon the time nobody will be able to go up further. In the reverse auction, several dealers of a product vie for the trade of one single purchaser. In such a way the price moves downward. There are 3-4 flavours of reverse auction, called as: English Auction, Dutch auction, Sealed Bid Auction etc. How it works There is no contact or conciliation with the bidders during the auction. The Buyer also watches the progress of bidding from his office. Identities if bidders are available to him. In reverse auction competition is high; bidders get tempted to bid lower and lower to clinch the deal, until they are unwilling to go any further. At the conclusion the lowest bidder emerges as winner of the auction. Benefits To Buyers: Significant reduction in cost due to Dynamic Bidding process. Inefficiencies in the supply chain reduce. With real time competition, suppliers are on their toes It is an effective way of measuring and assessing price discovery and making the negotiation process an easy effort. Often used along with Tendering. To Vendors: Ensures Savings in marketing cost / distributor margins Facilitates flexibility in pricing decision. Transparency increases Allows vendors to assess their pricing power from close quarters of competition. E-payment Commonly available modes for effecting EMD/ Fee/ other payments electronically, from within a software Application, are: Online payment through Credit cards/ Debit cards or Direct Account Debit (using Gateway for Internet Banking) Depending on the actual need and usage constraints, the appropriate mode could be chosen and integrated into the s/w application. Credit cards could conveniently be integrated for use if the payment amounts involved are not substantial. For all other cases where payment amounts could be heavy, payments through Direct Debits from concerned accounts, using Internet Banking is the only alternative. Scope of E-procurement solution to the Ministry Purchasing of all kinds of goods and services, works etc. Types of Tenders Open, Limited, Expression of Interest Hybrid Mode of Operation Electronic and Paper Based Bid Submission (Initial Stages of Implementation) Mode of Payments (Tender Fee, EMD) e-Payment, as well as Conventional Payment Modes (DD etc.) The Importance of Procurement The purchasing of merchandise, works, and services has a main effect on the efficient execution of an assignment. To a great degree the quality, cost, and judicious achievement of a task determined on the supervision and managing of purchase of materials needed. Use of articulated policy and practice, considered by unbiased, just, and transparent measures, is vital, not only to create reliable and steady market that will be capable to catch the fancy of competent contractor and supplier, but also to uphold the paradigm of accountability and the cost-efficient use of civic treasury. The importance of procurement in delivering key aims and mission of the ministry, and as a result the procurement of merchandise, facility and services is of strategic significance to the Ministry: It has an undeviating force on the Ministrys general overheads, and price of service prerequisite to public. Can have direct effect with delivery of its services by Ministrys. Can have direct effect on the accomplishment of business, department and service mission. It provide the system to deliver key plan objective, together with sustainability, corporate work environment, egalitarianism and cost-effective improvement. It operate in multifaceted dog matic structure that should be followed. Benefits of E-Procurement to Ministry of Science and Technology. For years, improvement to purchase has been attempted, frequently by means of information technology. The concrete opportunity for development today lies in the use of e-procurement, the electronic process of obtaining goods and services for an organization Nwokak et al, (2009). They further to ascertain that by automation and reformation the thorough and arduous routine of obtain task, purchase professional will have the opportunity to pay more attention, on other tactical purchase, in order to achieve these set of objectives: Growing the efficiency of purchase agent (by giving enough period as well as decreasing the work stress) Reducing the procure price by merchandise homogeny reverse auctions, quantity price cut, and also through purchase consolidation. Getting better information stream and organization (for example supplier information and price). Reducing or elimination of the purchase through unqualified vendors, in that way eliminating nonconformist buying. Getting better the disbursement procedures and savings due to expedite disbursement (for seller) Ensure just in time delivery always Slash order-fulfilment and handling period through the use of computerization Reduce skill as well as instruction need of purchase agent. Reduce numeral figure of supplier Reformation of purchase procedure, creating it easy, better and speedy (may involve authorize) Requests to carry out purchase on their desktop, bypassing purchasing unit. Reformation of account statements and difference of opinion decision Reduce organizational handing out expenditure for each bid a s to a great extent of 90% Getting fresh supplier and vendor that will be able to provide goods and services quicker and more so, More cost effective due to better sourcing. Integrate budgetary measures in purchase procedure. Reduction or elimination of individual error in trade or transport procedure Monitor as well as regulate exchange activities. The various benefits are listed below Transactional Benefits Electronic purchase enable purchaser to process transaction through internet. For instance, an internet-base transacts means through which things can be chosen mostly from an identified catalogues and submit for authorization. The device can be connected in same direction of the backside part of ERP structure for access, imbursement of invoice, and arrangement of organization information. Electronic procedures (together with computerization of p-card purchase) lead to immense period saving as well as effectiveness owing to: universal, computerized process incorporate finest tradition as well as eliminate needless actions; electronic processing enable affiliation with supplier, which speed purchase phase period and facilitate contractor feat improvement; and better data correctness, which minimize order in accuracy as well as provide the necessary base for enhanced supervision from side to side control and scrutiny. Compliance Benefits A lot of instances in a company, conformity and unconventional expenditure is an important problem not for the reason that workers intentionally procure outside of favoured arrangements, but to a certain extent through be short of knowledge. Electronic purchases address this from side to side apparatus such as catalogues and benchmark order procedures and authorized process. Conformity will be achieved owing to: easy and speedy request-to-pay procedure together with a easy to use interface and pre-source catalogues modified to the needs of different client; easy and speedy tactical source procedure with benchmark purchase process and apparatus, without difficulty accessing information Electronic purchase structure, the only purchase method obtainable. Management Information Benefit This statement analyze the important of datas cost centre, commodity codes, etc. is hard coded in opposition to the user significantly reduce code error and provide extremely exhaustive as well as effortlessly available data. This is very important information to make the rule of the monetary revenue of tactical source. A successful e-procurement performance will give high value, complete management information and will reverse the need for data warehousing or resource heavy data mining, by David Eakin (2002). The capability to display to your supplier that you are using e-procurement as an apparatus to make sure final user do respect their union significance will augment ability to bargain along the prices through: Better improved capture and as a result, trustworthiness of expenditure information; and Better assurance that costs volume can be assured from better conformity with the structure, hence allow degree price breaks and discount to achieve. These include the capacity to improve management of business cash flow as well as control the proficient imbursement of supplier because of the further rationalized procurement procedures giving additional suitable and precise information to the accounts payable department. Possible benefit includes limited staff a hard benefit only if improvement can bring about head count decrease) and brings down expenditure on postages as well as stationeries. Throughout negotiations the procurement manager can further credibly guarantee the supplier a level of prompt payment, which was not possible prior to e-procurement. David Eakin (2002). However, the electronic invoice benefit is frequently unexamined and uncared for. Reduction in Procurement Contracts cycle time Cost Reduction Efficient streamlined Procurement Processes New Supplier Discovery Close Monitoring of Activities/ Vendor Performance Rich MIS and Analytics New Improved Image Standardized formats and Uniform tendering practices Increased visibility/ Less artificial barriers Increased business opportunities, Greater degree of transparency Cycle time reduction in participation and award of Contract Supplier Enablement and Ease of Participation For high-value items, purchasing personal in the Ministry spends most of their work period on procurement activities. These functions involve developing relationship with considered supplier, negotiating prices as well as terms, qualifying supplier, and bringing out suppliers certification as well as evaluation. When buyer is occupied in the midst of information of lesser things (especially MROs), they have less period to adequately engage in the purchase of the high value item. Other problems can happen in traditional purchase. These include delay in paying a lot for hasten order. Purchase inadequacy is nonconformist exchange, (impromptu procurements of merchandise needed hurriedly, unintentionally at non-pre-negotiated soaring price. The conventional purchase procedure, as discuss over, is therefore ineffective. In other to avoid a repeat of this event, the ministry needs to re-engineer the process of purchasing, by carrying out of new purchasing models in general, through the int roduction of electronic purchase. From this stage, we shall gaze at what e-procurement means in B2B market. The issues are summarized below: Lack of a general Public Procurement Policy. Nigeria lack up to date regulation on Public Procurement and enduring supervision and supervise purchase entity. Transparency in Procurement Act, The finance Control and Management Act, 1958, jointly with Financial policy which sets basic regulations for managing public expenses have gap, deficiency as well as defective execution of existing set of laws on procurement (for example, inadequate in the arrangement for controlling and supervision) which make opportunity for unethical behaviour. Lack of model bidding documents and contract documents -because of inflations, inadequate and regularly adjustment to threshold of the favourable limit of the Tenders Board, their approval were regularly gnarled consequential in abuse, top amongst include is split of contract. Complicated procedures for approvals, bidding and payments. There is a large number of tenders board that are alleged by the private sector as a source of delay as well as non intelligibility. Furthermore, those tenders board appear to encompass inadequate mandate amid power to choose contracted faction active through the permanent Secretary as well as Minister/ Commissioner. Inadequate skilled resources. There is no centralized system of registration of suppliers. Delays in making payments to suppliers whos Procurement are sometimes executed through staffs that substantially lack the required experience. E-government procurement is the collaborative purchase of tangible and intangible merchandise by the civic division using electronic methods at every stage ensuring transparency and efficiency. Ideally, it covers the full life cycle of procurement. The intention is to automate, possibly, the whole purchasing processes, along with tender offer submission as well as payment from supplier; in an automated computerized concurrent situation .E-procurement could resolve many of the constraints/ delays of traditional procurement. In David Eakin (2002).Summary, e-Procurement is the business-to-business buying and selling of supplies and services online. The e-procurement helps both the buyers and the suppliers to decrease the cycle time, needless paper work, waiting in long queues and at the same time maintain the simplicity in the entire process. David Eakin, (February, 2003). Which are to:- Reduce cycle times of procurement Increase supplier access to ensure wider participation Reduce costs of procurement through competitive bidding and Reverse Auctioning Remove cartelisation by supplier groups (Reverse Auctioning) enhance transparency in the procurement procedure Almost complete elimination of paperwork, for speedy and efficient functioning Inefficient function In the Ministry is because of: Lack of a general civic procurement policy Lack of consistency in enforcing procurement practice procedures Low competence labour-intensive process call for of intelligibility in procurement leading to fraud pilferage of the treasury unethical practice by suppliers Cartel creation Influence selection by bribing unit personnel Advances in electronic procurement by the use of safe internet-enabled means have not being used in an extensive method Approach to a Procurement Solution Before looking for an e-Procurement solution, a relook on existing procurement procedures/ practices is essential: As Is Analysis, Re-engineering for optimized processes Optimization/ reduction in process-flow steps Uniformity/ standardization in formats/ practices/ procedures Organization wide use of unified item-codification structure Automation of Processes Critical Determinants of a procurement Solution Good authentication Role based access Security, Secrecy (of bids) Signing, Encryption Ease of Use, Tender Templates, e-Payment integration etc. Integrated Document Management features, Good Analytics Good Audit trail/ traceability features Access for Financial Audit, Legal and RTI needs Good Archival Retrieval features/ policy Safe and secure Probing for seller so as to get and contrast supplier and product occasionally can be in reality awfully time-consuming and expensive. Most Ministries as a way out invite sellers to fulfill orders and create market place. Procurement is used to refer to the purchase of goods and services for an organization, (Martin et. al., 2001). Federal Ministry of Science and Technology (FMST) are among of the important parastatals of the Federal Government. The major term of office is providing access to technology for the Majority of Nigerian Populace. The ministry is made up of 8 (eight) departments. The Department of Administration and Supply within the Ministry is responsible for: Planning, management and entirely documenting the procedure to purchase both tangible and intangible merchandise. use of active Continuing Service Agreement for products to attain program needs; management, soliciting and contract award procedures is done prudently and unprejudiced method that is fair and treat every potential vendor and bidder; ensures that contract for good, service as well as building is planned to offer the most excellent value to government; ensures that every ministry acquisition and disposal is unswerving with guidelines, appropriate legislature as well as trade agreement; Declare products excess as soon as their utilization to the ministry has finished. The department is therefore responsible for procurement of goods and services in the Ministry. The Nature and Scope of E-Procurement According to Nwokak et al, (2009) different methods are employed to procure goods and services by companies depending on what and where they buy, the quantities needed, how much money is involved, and more. They further mentioned some important procurements method to comprise the listed below: To buy from an internal buyers catalogue in which company-approved vendors catalogues, including agreed upon prices, are aggregated. This approach is used for the implementation of desktop purchasing, which allows the requisitions to order directly from vendors, bypassing the procurement department. Buy directly from manufacturers, wholesalers, or retailers from their catalogues and possibly by negotiation. Frequently, a contract implements such a purchase. Buy from the catalogue of an intermediary (e-distributor) that aggregates sellers catalogues. Conduct biding or tendering (a reverse auction) in a system in which suppliers compete against each other. This method is used for large-ticket items or large quantities. To buy at private or public auction sites in which the organization participates as one of the buyers. Collaborate with suppliers to share information about sales and inventory, as to reduce inventory and stock -outs and enhance just-in-time delivery (Turban et al 2006). Join a group-purchasing system that aggregates participants demand, creating a large volume. Then, the group may negotiate prices or initiate a tendering process. The Procurement Process Procurement cycle starts from Raising of the requirements for an item or a service and ends only after settlement of supplier payments. By Category of Goods Services Goods Services Civil Contracts By Nature of Procurement Tenders Rate Contract Catalogue Buying Auctions, Reverse Auctions By Size / Volume of procurement High Values, low volumes Low values, High Volumes By Portfolio of services needed Requisition, Bid Process Evaluation, Award, PO Supply, Quality check, Inventory Management Payment, Accounting, Audit MIS, EIS The traditional procurement process has been widely criticized as an ineffective procurement method because it often involves time and cost overrun (Dunleavy, 1994). Yet the method is still being widely used in Nigeria most especially for the procurement in Ministry of Science and technology. Inefficiencies in Traditional Procurement Management According to Nwokak et al (2009) precisely 80% of organizations purchase item, especially for Maintenances, Repairs as well as Operating items (MROs), constitutes 20- 25 percent of the total purchasing values. Furthermore, Nwokak; OzuruUgoji (2009) affirmed that a portion of corporate buyers time is spent on non-value-added activities such data entry, correcting errors in paper work, expediting delivery or solving quality problems. For high-value items, purchasing personal spend a great deal of time and effort on procurement activities. These activities include qualifying suppliers, negotiating prices and terms, building rapport with strategic suppliers, as well as carrying out supplier evaluation and certification (Nwokak et al, 2009). If buyers are busy with details of the smaller items (usually MROs), they do not have enough time to properly deal with the purchase of the high -value items. Other inefficiencies also may occur in conventional procurement. These range from delays to paying too much for rush orders. Procurement inefficiency is maverick buying, (unplanned purchase of items needed quickly, often at non-pre-negotiated high prices. The traditional procurement process, as discussed above, often is therefore inefficient (Mills, 1996). In order to correct this situation, the ministry needs to reengineer their procurement systems, implementation of new purchasing models and in particular, introduce e-procurement. At this juncture, we will look at what e-procurement is in a B2B marketplace. Issues in Ministry Procurement Lack of a common Public Procurement Policy: Nigeria lacks a modern law on Public Procurement and Permanent oversight and monitor purchasing entities. Lack of model bidding documents and contract documents -due to inflation and lack of regular adjustments on the thresholds of the approving limits of the Tender Boards, their authorization were constantly being eroded resulting in abuses, prominent among which is splitting of contracts. Complicated procedures for bidding, approvals and payments. That there was proliferation of tender boards which were perceived by the private sector as sources of delays and non transparency. In addition, these tender boards appeared to have limited mandates with powers to decide contracts de facto resting with the permanent Secretary and the Minister/ Commissioner. Lack of skilled resources. No centralized system of registration of suppliers. Delays in making payments to suppliers that Procurement is often carried out by staff who substantially lack relevant training. Conclusion Not until June 2008 was the procurement bill recently signed into law, previously there was no Federal or state law governing the practice of public procurement in Nigeria. With the advent of the new law, a number of challenges with regards to transparency, accountability and good governance in the area of contracts and procurement of supplies and services by government. In Nigeria it is pertinent to note that e-procurement is not prominently featured in law, this project sets out to make e-procurement prominently featured. With the advent of digital technology and globalisation, Nigeria as a third world country needs to be aware of the challenges and opportunities with regards to the e-procurement process. Furthermore, this project seeks to classify the meaning as well as the benefits of the E-procurement process in Nigeria. This project will also highlight the challenges in transforming Nigeria into a transparent and corrupt-free business environment and also ways of overcoming the challenges of adopting e-procurement in Nigeria. (E-Public Procurement in Nigeria: Some Lessons from EU, 2009) Investigation of Security Issues Security E-procurement platform transacts confidential procurement data and is exposed to several security threats. Agencies world over face threats to their online e-procurement and usually desist from sending sensitive information over the Internet for security reasons. The growing number of cyber crimes has added doubts regarding the reliability of the Internet. Security measures such as authentication and encryption are therefore employed while passing sensitive information between companies. Another major issue concerning e-procurement is the type of goods that are procured through the online medium. Companies usually prefer to source smaller, inexpensive goods such as office stationery (Miller, 2006). Larger complex orders that usually take weeks or months for negotiation are done in the traditional manner but this can be addressed by employing a combination of security features and security best practices which result in reduced threat of data loss, leakage or manipulation. Security and secrecy of tender data is of paramount importance as the portal handles sensitive procurement transactions of departments and has foreseen the security concerns. Security mechanisms provide a secure communication interface, mainly for the exchange of documents between procurement authorities and Economic Operators. Standards constituting adequate and acceptable security need to be provided for the implementation of services during each stage of the procurement process. Importance of Security in e-procurement Security is one of the major factors restricting the growth of e-procurement. Without proper security measures this could lead to the loss or corruption of sensitive information on e-procurement. Security breach could also lead to fraud and financial loss, also includes misappropriation of funds and revealing of sensitive information (The Economist, 1995). This project outlines various security issues faced by e-procurement in Nigeria and possible solutions that can be implemented to reduce such risk. (NATIONAL E-PROCUREMENT PROJECT SUPPLEMENTARY GUIDANCE NOTES, 2004) The major objectives measured for the creation of a safe environment include the following: Verification: guarantees that the service is only available to users with a confirmed identity. Agreement: guarantees that authenticated users can only contact services or data matching their task and access rights. Confidentiality: guarantees that the data exchanged between the person requesting it and the provider cannot be intercepted or accessed by a third non-authorised party. honesty: guarantees that data exchanged among the person requesting it and the contributor has not been tampered with by a third non-authorised party. Non repudiation: guarantees that the sender of the message cannot reject, at a shortly point in time, that he/she sent it. Accordingly, following stringent security measures are already implemented in the system to ensure that transactions on e-procurement portal happen in the most secured manner: Physical security of Data Centre. Entry to the Data centre is with Bio metric smart cards, round the clock CCTV monitoring and under strict personal supervision of Data Centre personnel. Web security through 128 bit Secured Socket Layer (SSL) Technology from client end to server for secured passage of data. Fire walls, intrusion detection system, online virus check, up to date antivirus system, online OS patches to prevent malicious attacks. Network monitoring system to monitor the service levels of the site. Sound back up methods for storing data. Comprehensive Audit Logs of all events that are taking place on the platform. Access controls, sharing of functions between system administrator and data base administrator Third party security audit of e-procurement system. M/s. PWC has conducted security audit in pilot phase (2003) and has expressed that security is unco