Whitman and Homosexuality Essay - 3150 Words

Whitman and Homosexuality While responses to Whitmans poetry have always been diverse in some ways, the interpretations of his homosexuality can be divided into three stages. In general terms, Whitmans earliest critics tried to deny Whitmans deviance; later critics accepted his homosexuality yet framed it as a marginalized truth; and contemporary critics have exploded in response to these years of oppression, outing Whitman in loud declarations of his intense feelings for men. In 1914, Basil de Selincourt in his work, Walt Whitman: A Critical Study, fights desperately against the homosexual innuendos and imagery in the Calamus poems, failing to name directly, in the process, that of which he is trying to prove†¦show more content†¦Whereas in reality Whitmans life appears to have been remarkable for its manliness and cleanness; and his greatest aim was to give his fellow a helping hand in the direction of purity(30). This work was among the first defenders of Whitmans sexual material, the very issue that Whitman himself thought to be the most misunderstood aspect of his work. Trimble, however, while attempting to exonerate Whitmans overt sexual references, limits his study only to the Children of Adam poems, never once mentioning ...two boys together clinging, one the other never leaving or any of the Calamus poems for that matter. Amongst later critics in the second era of Whitman criticism, Henry Seidel Canbys Walt Whitman: An American, published in 1941, does what many of his contemporaries do to Whitmans homosexuality: spiritualize it, marginalize it, and delete it from the relevance it plays in the comradeship of a true democracy While Canby does indeed admit the fact that Whitman was homosexual, he reconfigures Whitmans various well-known, male-male relationships as something transcending the sexual and cohering more to the concept of paternalism. In the aforementioned work, Canby describ es Whitman as: an intermediate in sex...Such men are veryShow MoreRelatedThe Most Uneven Great Poet By Tenney Nathanson1102 Words   |  5 Pagespleas’d smile I may keep on, Ever and ever yet the verses owning – as, first, I here and now, Singing for Soul and Body, set to them my name, Walt Whitman Walt Whitman, termed â€Å"America’s most uneven great poet† by Tenney Nathanson, is one of America’s greatest poets. Born in 1819 in Long Island, Whitman lived during an era when sexuality, especially homosexuality, a term not coined until years later, was a taboo subject not to be discussed in public. Many of his poems centered on his private and publicRead More References to Homosexuality in Walt Whitmans Song of Myself1210 Words   |  5 PagesReferences to Homosexuality in Walt Whitmans Song of Myself WHITMAN WAS MORE MAN THAN YOULL EVER BE, said a student of Louisiana State University. When asked questions of your sexual preference or thoughts on the issue of sex, I would venture to say it makes most people uncomfortable. This is an age-old topic that people know about, yet do not want to talk about. He was particularly reticent about his issues regarding sex and his particular sexual preference. In fact, of WhitmansRead MoreAnalysis Of Frances Willard And Walt Whitman Essay1276 Words   |  6 PagesFrances Willard and Walt Whitman are two significant nineteenth century American figures. Although Willard and Whitman are famous for different reasons, they do have one characteristic in common: they have both been accused of being homosexuals. However, most people do not know this because it is not put in history textbooks or taught in the classroom, for good reason. Public school students should not learn about Willard and Whitman’s homosexuality through their textbo oks and teachers because itRead MoreSexuality And Sexual Language During The Times Of Dickinson And Whitman1624 Words   |  7 Pagesduring the times of Dickinson and Whitman. It was a time dominated by religion and church, where sex is between a man and a woman who are married. The term and idea of homosexuality hadn’t developed in people’s minds yet. Trying to understand two men or two women being attracted to each other was difficult for people. And even if someone could imagine these relationships, there wasn’t a word to describe them like today. Somewhat unfortunately for Dickinson and Whitman, they were born in this time periodRead MoreDoes a persons sexual orientation matter when it comes to art, poetry, or even at all. A beautiful1200 Words   |  5 PagesWalt Whitman was a homosexual based on the tone of his poetry writings. Frances Willard, a pioneer for women and education, also assumed homosexual based on her long term co-habitation relationships w ith women. Facts can be proven and textbooks should teach facts and leave interpretation and opinions to be discussed in the classroom. Teaching openness, interpretation, and the forming of an opinion is an important lesson for all to learn, but textbooks should only print facts. Walt Whitman wroteRead MoreAnalysis Of Allen Ginsberg s Super Market986 Words   |  4 Pagesto Allen Ginsberg’s view of America. In the beginning of the poem, Walt Whitman is â€Å"poking among the meats in the refrigerator and eyeing the grocery boys.† This introduction of Whitman begins by showing us that Whitman is a minority among the American population. Homosexuality was prohibited and looked down upon during 1955. When Ginsberg says â€Å"Poking at the meats,† he is implying a sexual message involving homosexuality and the use of male genitals in certain sexual acts. Ginsberg publishes thisRead MoreTranscendentalist Writers : The Transcendentalist Movement Essay1092 Words   |  5 Pagesincluding Walt Whitman, Emily Dickinson, and many others, joined the movement and began to spread the transcendentalist philosophy and moral code. Often times, writers that identified with transcendentalist thinking were involved in social reform, particularly anti-slavery and women’s rights movements. In regard to understanding the defiant writings of Whitman and Dickinson, it is important to und erstand exactly what they are rebelling from, and their reasons for doing so. While Whitman and DickinsonRead MoreA Supermarket in California Essay1554 Words   |  7 Pagespoem to allow the reader to experience what the speaker experiences himself. He begins by describing the setting on the streets of California, â€Å"I walked down the sidestreets under the trees†¦/†¦ looking at the full moon† (2-3) and had thoughts of Walt Whitman, a nineteenth century poet whom Ginsberg deeply admired. The setting is essential as it describes the two worlds in which the speaker lives in; one represented by the metropolitan landscape of downtown California and another represented by natureRead MoreLeaves of Grass by Walt Whitman Essay1248 Words   |  5 PagesLeaves of Grass by Walt Whitman In the twentieth century, the name Walt Whitman has been synonymous with poetry. Whitmans most celebrated work, Leaves of Grass, was the only book he ever wrote, and he took a lifetime to write it. A large assortment of poems, it is one of the most widely criticized works in literature, and one of the most loved works as well. Whitman was unmarried and childless, and it has been noted that Leaves of Grass consumed him greatly; James E. Miller Jr. writes: #8230;heRead MoreNaked Through The Eddies Of The Sea1780 Words   |  8 PagesJacqueline Bitetto Mr. Breig English 11H 9 March 2013 Naked Through the Eddies of the Sea â€Å"I feel ashamed to go naked about the world† (Whitman). Poetry, for many, is a comfort and a pleasure for the senses. But, for Walt Whitman, it was something much more. Poetry was a channel for his most profound emotions and a mass broadcasting of his entire being. In his beautiful words, he was able not only to convey both misery and elation to the masses, but absolute truth. His Leaves of Grass revealed so

The Organization Of Topshop And Successful Company

Kim Naysmith Marketing Report Topshop 2014 EC1400614 Contents Page Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...3 Micro Environment...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦....4 Macro Environment†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.5/6/7 SWOT Analysis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦8/9/10 The Marketing Mix†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...11/12 Bibliography†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..13 Introduction The following report will be focusing on the organisation of Topshop – a well-known and successful company since they first started their journey back in 1964. Since then, they have industrialised over 300 stores in the UK, whilst shipping to 100 countries making their diverse British style known worldwide.†¦show more content†¦For example, if River Island were to expand their business, this would be a threat to Topshop and would force them to expand further or change their ideas. Consumers Consumers have the ability to change the companies verdicts and ideas, as the customers are the vital aspect to sales. Topshop have to continuously research the customers’ desires and progress their products to best suit their needs throughout the future. Topshops organisation have to monitor five different key markets to adapt their products and services for the consumers. Topshop have to study: Consumer markets, resellers, corporate markets, administration markets and worldwide markets. As the consumers’ needs and wants are changing endlessly, the demand for Topshops research and knowledge have to be an on-going process. Suppliers Topshops performance is evidently heavily impacted by the actions of the suppliers, whether this is a strength or weakness for the company. The organisation has to repeatedly monitor the actions of the suppliers, thus will enable them to be prepared for any surprises coming their way. Topshops suppliers have an effect on their actions as, for example, if the supplier delivers a reduced facility to the company, the delivery to the stores would be increased and the product quality could be decreased. Topshop have to ensure a strong relationship bond with the suppliers to enable a successful and more trustworthy service in which the company have.Show MoreRelatedTopshop in Mexico5565 Words   |  23 PagesFindings 6 3.1 An Analysis of Mexico 6 3.2 Topshop Market Entry into Mexico 7 3.3 The Target and Positioning Strategies 8 4. The Marketing Mix 9 4. 1 Product 9 4.2 Place amp; Distribution 10 4.3 Pricing 12 4.4 Promotion 13 5. Conclusion 14 6. Appendices 15 7. Bibliography 19 1. 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Realizing the importance of doing so, after repositioning itself, Top Shop will embark upon a carefully planned journey of simultaneous product and market development strategy as ‘TOPSHOP plus Be it Kate Mosss exclusively introduced designer range, in-store ambiance, Style Advisor service or its sponsorships for the young andRead MoreEssay on Reiss Three Year Marketing Plan4683 Words   |  19 Pages1. INTRODUCTION Created in 1979 by David Reiss, Reiss is has developed into a powerful brand offering stylish clothes at affordable prices. 2006 proved to be a successful year for the organization, where it achieved  £6.8 million in operating profit and sales of  £44.5 million. Currently, it has 39 stores worldwide and is expanding rapidly. 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The product Collection Topshop is all about refusing to be pigeonholed. Each customer is an individual and relies on the brand to deliver everything from basics to cutting-edge trends. It’s the broad spectrum of ever-changing co lections that keep Topshop ahead of the style game. Mainline Topshop’s Mainline range is a one-stop shop for the seasonal wardrobe. Created by an in-house designRead MoreB2b Decision Buying Process : Business1614 Words   |  7 Pagesmarket in one way or another. We then move to the buying organization and center, where the individual influences occur that is seen between the B2B buyers and sellers. According to Webster and Wind in 1972, â€Å"†¦ the decision making process by which formal organizations establish the need for purchased products and services, and identify, evaluate and choose among alternative brands and suppliers† (Henneburg (a), 2014, p. 22). 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The Fishermen Paintings Essay Example For Students

The Fishermen Paintings Essay Zhanshou Archipelago is located in Zhejiang province, which is in the southeastern coast of China. Due to the great geographical advantage of the Yangtze estuary and the Hangzhou bay on the outer rim of the East Sea, Zhoushan becomes the world famous fishing grounds (Gernet, 2002). Unique marine culture gives Zhoushan a large amount of special island custom, such as Zhoushan shell carvings, the memorial ceremony for sea and Zhoushan drums. The most impressive one for tourists and natives is the fishermen paintings. Plain fishermen painters combine the sea, unlimited imagination, the good wishes and sincere emotion together to conceive different kinds of gorgeous fishermen paintings. Zhanshan is my hometown where I have lived there for more than twenty years. When I was young, I always puzzled over how vast the sea is. I was so amazed when my father told me that the earth is mostly covered by sea. From that time, I am proud of that I am the daughter of the sea because I live near the sea. The other reason why I am so interested in the sea is the stories that were told by grandfather, which attracted me very much. He was a fisherman when he was young and he had lots of wonderful experience while he was going shipping far away from the land. Although it is regretful that I cannot gain the opportunity to go through it by myself, I often imagine how wonderful it is in my own mind. The first time when I saw the real paintings in the Zhoushan Art Museum, I was deeply moved and impressed. The stories that my grandfather told me had become the vivid sight that appeared in front of me. I could feel the power that painters tried to convey to audiences, and the paintings gave me more understanding of the marine culture of my hometown. There are two pieces of masterpieces that give me a very deep impression. One of them is named The Song of Heart. This is a painting that regards ships moored in the harbor as the creation of materials. Thousands of fishing boats are waiting in line and slowly towards the sea, and the some boats are just parked there. The painter of this work is Baicun Luo who uses bright color to depict it, such as using pure colors to paint boats. The composition of it is compact and dazzled, and gives audiences enough visual impact and spiritual shock. The other one is called Fishermen and Sea that depicts how fishermen live and eat by sea, which expresses the hope, happiness and power. The sea is so magnificent and has countless treasures to explore. Fishermen paintings represent mostly the sea and the sea-related things, even if the myths and legends also are related to sea tightly. Fishermen come and go into violent storm and roaring waves, or even experience the life and death struggle. The incredible adventures offer works fantastic, mystical, abstract and grotesque style, and give them a strong flavor of modern regional characteristics and national consciousness. Likewise, these subjective feelings and intense flavors of life are expressed through exaggerated, casual images and gorgeous, strong colors. Even the people who live far away from the sea and never have a look at the sea, they also can feel the power that the sea brings to them and look forward to seeing it by their own eyes. Fishermen painters love their island, their work and their lives. They regard the sea as the inspiration, create the paintings in accordance with their imagination of environment and life, and express their thoughts and feelings with the image of simple thinking emotions. Also, the paintings are based on the actual image of the objective reality. Painters start to carry out bold ideas, exaggerated conception and imaginative through brushes that reveal their true feelings about life and affection for the sea. .uf707a59dc2bb791d557870292dfe506d , .uf707a59dc2bb791d557870292dfe506d .postImageUrl , .uf707a59dc2bb791d557870292dfe506d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf707a59dc2bb791d557870292dfe506d , .uf707a59dc2bb791d557870292dfe506d:hover , .uf707a59dc2bb791d557870292dfe506d:visited , .uf707a59dc2bb791d557870292dfe506d:active { border:0!important; } .uf707a59dc2bb791d557870292dfe506d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf707a59dc2bb791d557870292dfe506d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf707a59dc2bb791d557870292dfe506d:active , .uf707a59dc2bb791d557870292dfe506d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf707a59dc2bb791d557870292dfe506d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf707a59dc2bb791d557870292dfe506d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf707a59dc2bb791d557870292dfe506d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf707a59dc2bb791d557870292dfe506d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf707a59dc2bb791d557870292dfe506d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf707a59dc2bb791d557870292dfe506d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf707a59dc2bb791d557870292dfe506d .uf707a59dc2bb791d557870292dfe506d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf707a59dc2bb791d557870292dfe506d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Renaissance paintings reviews EssayTherefore, every work exudes rich â€Å"Smell of the Sea. These works of art filled with sea flavor, and have a distinct regional characteristics and flavor of life. For example, they draw a lot of fishing nets, gulls and sea animals on the fish’s body, which is a clever combination of these things that is woven into a distinctive style and a brand new form. As for the different kinds of tools that fishermen and crabbers use, when painters try to perform them, they can put different time and space, different viewpoints and characteristics of various objects together intricately. It means that everyone can put his own interested things in a screen, so that the painting is unique and has a great life capacity. What is more, fishermen paintings are full of imagination, deformation and exaggeration, and there are no restrictions in shape. Painters often use their feelings as the center, according to the needed sights that appear in the same screen where you look up, look down, flat-looking, side-looking or others, which constitute the special shape mode of Fishermen Paintings. All the inspirations of Fishermen Paintings come from the painters’ real lives. The work is a kind of specific language for fishermen, and it is a kind of beauty’s expression of their personal experience and perception in labor productivity, island customs, rituals and the fishing festival. Also, it is a life’s interpretation of living beside the sea, watching moody and violent tsunami waves, and listening to the howling winds. Romain Rolland once said: â€Å"The great significance of the arts, basically because it shows the true feelings of the inner mysteries of life and passion of the world† (1888). I clearly remember the first time I saw the fishing boats. The fishing boats maybe not so big but have their distinctive features. These fishermen are well trained and they put all efforts into fishing in order to support their family. I once learned how to paint and I know it is not a simple thing to express your feeling in a simple work. It is a really hard thing to show the sprit of the work unless you love and understand it more than anyone else. Nature endows everything for human beings, and also motivates the creation of human’s inspirations and passions. We cannot talk about art without art works, and art creation is inseparable from real life works and artists. Arts come from real life, but more than life†(Cotter). The beauty of real life can be divided into many forms including social beauty and natural beauty. Natural beauty is the beauty of the natural world itself, while society beauty lies on the beauty of the thing itself, and people’s beauty depends on the persons own appearance and virtue. Fishermen paintings rely on their every day’s real life, simple but full of surprise. They draw what they see, what they do and what they feel, and add many creative imagination to the works. In an earlier time, I thought the more realistic the image of artwork is, the painting is more beautiful, so I was accustomed to using the â€Å"realistic† standard to measure whether a piece of artwork is good and bad. It now appears that these works would be too tacky, not engaging, and have no depth. Like fishermen paintings, they are exaggerate and colorful, which beyond the reality and give people more space to imagine. It is said that Zhoushan fishermen paintings use unrealistic way to represent the real life scenes, which is a kind of fantastic virtual cultures in our life. Bibliography: Cotter, Holland. â€Å"The Art Is in the Detail.† New York Times. 2007. Web. 21 Nov.2008. Clunas, Craig.  Art in China. Oxford University Press, 1997. 150-250. Print. Gernet, Jacques.  A History of Chinese Civilization. translated by J.R. Foster and Charles Hartmann (2nd edition ed.). New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002. Print. Rawson, Jessica.  The British Museum Book of Chinese Art (2nd ed), British Museum Press, 2007. Print. Rolland, Romain. Beethoven. New York: BiblioBazaar, 2009. Print.

Recycling Deprivation free essay sample

The chapter to be analyzed in this report is the # 9 â€Å"teenage births: recycling deprivation†, and the data come from 20 fonts from 1989 to 2006. What’s the model? In a simplified manner, the authors identify the following model: and exemplifies it through a gradient in teenage birth rates by household income, from poorest to richest.It’s also interesting to see in the study the correlation of household income vs. teenage births in some countries around the world, as demonstrated below: Teenage Births â€Å"One and a quarter million teenagers become pregnant each year in the rich OECD countries and about three quarters of a million go on to become teenage mothers. The differences in teen birth rates between countries are striking. In the USA the teenage birth rate is 52. 1 per 1000 women aged 15-19, more than ten times higher than Japan, which has a rate of 4. 6. †Teenage motherhood is part of the inter-generational cycle of deprivation and social exclusion, but dont limited to these. We will write a custom essay sample on Recycling Deprivation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Furthermore, we should consider others reason such as: * Religion (predominant Catholics countries) * Race (African-Americans, Hispanic, etc) * Education (poor school performance, poor school attendance, low maternal education and no sexual orientation) * Family (family situations with regular conflict between members , violence and sexual abuse in childhood, family history of teenage pregnancies, unstable housing, arrangements , fathers absence) * low self-esteemWhat’s my construct? The Spirit Level argues that the difference in earnings between richest and poorest in developed societies is the source of teenage births, I agree with the authors that household income is the starting point, but I don’t agree the way that they formulate the hypotheses â€Å"household income cause teenage births†. The book charts how inequality, not average income, is the more accurate predictor of signs of distress in developed countries, for example. Also, they demonstrated that when average income levels reach a certain level, increases in wealth cease to have any impact on well-being.For me, lack of education (caused by unequal household income), plus others components mentioned above, are the main reasons of the problem. Based on my analyses as well, and as described in the book, I saw another important component: the â€Å"Future† of these families: teenage births and their children. The authors are very assertive when they mentioned their â€Å"future bleak†, and I also agree with them that these problems cannot be solved without first addressing the underlying structures of inequality.Doing a research (please see detail in the exhibit 1), I read that from 2007 to 2009 the teen birth rate declined 8% in US. Of course, they didn’t mention that number of births declined almost 8% as well, but go deep in my analyses I saw that â€Å"teen birth rate vs. # birth† has been declined during the last 20 years, and the most important I saw that GDP has been increasing and even during 2008 crisis, the â€Å"teen birth rate vs. # birth† still decreasing. Conclusion Correlation between components, statistical model, data of information are ery important topics for a measuring , but I don’t understand that this is main objective of the book (maybe I was not been critic enough); for me the main reason and the most contribution of â€Å"The Spirit of Level† are to create discomfort on people, society and government and the authors got it, as we can see reading many articles and debates about all themes. Exhibit 1: Teen birth rate hits historic low Posted at 11:30 AM ET, 02/ 2/2011 By Rob Stein The long decline in teen births, which had stalled for two years, seems to be back on track, federal health officials announced Wednesday.The teen birth rate declined 8 percent between 2007 and 2009, hitting a historic low of 39. 1 births per 1,000 teens ages 15 to 19, according to a new analysis from the National Center for Health Statistics. National Center for Health Statistics/CDC Moreover, the rates fell significantly for teens in all age groups and all racial and ethnic groups, pushing the rate for each age group and for nearly all race and ethnic groups to the lowest levels ever reported, according to the analysis. The new statistics confirm the governments preliminary analysis of the national data that was released in December.That showed the birth rate had dropped 6 percent between 2008 and 2009the second year in a row that the birthrate among teens fell. The 8 percent two-year decli ne bolstered hopes that an alarming 5 percent increase over the two previous years was an aberration. The birth rate for young teens ages 15 to 17 fell 6 percent between 2008 and 2009, the largest single-year drop since 2001. The rate for older teens, ages 18 and 19, also fell 6 percent, which was the largest single-year decline since 1972.The number of births to teenagers in 2009 fell to 409,840, which is the fewest since 1946 and 36 percent fewer than in 1970, which was the highest in history. The reason for the record low remains unclear. But some experts have attributed it to the recession, noting that the overall fertility rate as well as the total number of births in the United States fell a second straight year in 2009 as well. Others, however, suggested that the intense concern about the 2005 to 2007 increases and the attention it garnered may have gotten through to teens.Some data, for example, indicate that the use of birth control pills and other forms of contraception was increasing. The rise in teen pregnancies had triggered an intense debate about whether increased funding for sex-education programs that focus on encouraging abstinence may be playing a role. As a result, proponents of abstinence education welcomed the new data, saying they exonerated their approach. Critics, however, said the recession and efforts to increase contraceptive use was more likely the cause.Experts noted that despite the reduction, the teen birth rate in the United States remains far higher than that in other industrialized nations. The Obama administration has launched a $110 million teen pregnancy prevention effort that will support a range of programs, including those that teach about the risks of specific sexual activities and the benefits of contraception and others that focus primarily on encouraging teens to delay sex.